基于因子分析法的建筑工程设计风险因素实证研究

为提高建筑工程设计风险的评价和管理水平,减少因建筑工程设计质量差引发安全事故,为此找出建筑工程设计的关键风险因素,并研究其风险评价和管理的方法。在分析相关文献的基础上,通过问卷调查的方式,归纳总结出33个建筑工程设计风险因素;再结合问卷调查结果,采用因子分析法,利用SPSS统计软件计算,从33个建筑工程设计风险因素中,提炼出具有代表性的8个公共因子,同时得到各个因子的影响作用情况。最后,结合各因子得分矩阵,得到建筑工程设计风险的计算函数,用以计算评价不同建筑工程设计项目的综合风险。     

建筑行业职业工装的应用设计

本文通过对建筑行业工作特点及其安全性的要求分析,研究建筑行业职业工装的款式结构、服装安全色彩的选择以及服装加工过程中的规范,对建筑行业职业工装提出了具体的设计方法,总结出了较系统的思路,以期为建筑行业安全生产提供必要的保障。     

高层建筑火灾安全疏散研究述评

火灾条件下的高层建筑安全疏散研究已成为国内外研究的热点。介绍了高层建筑安全疏散设计及高层建筑人员疏散模拟两种主要研究方法在高层建筑安全疏散研究上的应用。首先说明了高层建筑安全疏散设计经历了一个从处方式安全疏散设计到性能化安全疏散设计的转变,分析了国内外在高层建筑性能化安全疏散设计上的发展,并列出了性能化安全疏散设计在实施中存在的问题;其次介绍了应用于高层建筑人员疏散的仿真模型,设想了高层建筑计算机模型的发展趋势;最后结合高层建筑火灾安全疏散目前存在的问题和不足,对高层建筑火灾安全疏散做出展望。     

《矿井通风与安全》课程设计教学模式研究与改革

《矿井通风与安全》课程设计是煤矿安全专业学生重要的实践环节之一,提高课程设计的教学质量对培养学生分析和解决煤矿安全问题的能力起着十分重要的作用。针对当前《矿井通风与安全》课程设计中存在的不足,分析了课程设计改革的必要性,并根据《矿井通风与安全》课程设计的特点与课程的关系,结合多年教学经验,设计了课程设计的教学内容、教学体系、教学方法,提出了《矿井通风与安全》课程设计改革的具体措施,构建了《矿井通风与安全》课程设计新的教学模式,课程设计教学新模式注重学生独立解决问题能力、创新能力及团队合作能力的培养。通过对《矿井通风与安全》课程设计的教学改革,学生学习的积极性、主动性有了极大提高,动手能力、创新能力、独立分析和解决煤矿安全问题的能力得到了进一步加强,取得了良好的教学效果。     

Walking to school: Community design and child and parent barriers

The roles of community design and parent and child perceptions of walkability to school are tested for associations with walking in three communities: a walkable new urbanist community, a mixed community (standard suburban community where the walk to school traversed part of the new urbanist community), and less walkable standard suburban community. Perceived environmental barriers to walking to school are measured and compared for fifth graders (n = 193) and their parents (n = 177). Results showed that children and parents often agreed on walking barriers, except an interaction showed that — in the less walkable community — parents perceived worse barriers than did their children. Perceptions of barriers increased from walkable, to mixed, to less walkable communities. Students walked more when they attended the school in the walkable community, they lived near school, parents and children perceived fewer barriers to walking, and children had lower BMI scores, net of demographic controls. Thus the walk to school is embedded within multiple types of supports, all of which should be addressed to encourage walking to school.     

Benefits of indoor plants on attention capacity in an office setting

This research studied possible benefits of indoor plants on attention capacity in a controlled laboratory experiment. Participants were 34 students randomly assigned to one of two conditions: an office setting with four indoor plants, both flowering and foliage, or the same setting without plants. Attention capacity was assessed three times, i.e. immediately after entering the laboratory, after performing a demanding cognitive task, and after a five-minute break. Attention capacity was measured using a reading span test, a dual processing task known to tap the central executive function of attention. Participants in the plant condition improved their performance from time one to two, whereas this was not the case in the no-plant condition. Neither group improved performance from time two to three. The results are discussed in the context of Attention Restoration Theory and alternative explanations.     

Incorporating effectiveness of community-based management in a national marine gap analysis for Fiji

Every action in a conservation plan has a different level of effect and consequently contributes differentially to conservation. We examined how several community-based, marine, management actions differed in their contribution to national-level conservation goals in Fiji. We held a workshop with experts on local fauna and flora and local marine management actions to translate conservation goals developed by the national government into ecosystem-specific quantitative objectives and to estimate the relative effectiveness of Fiji's community-based management actions in achieving these objectives. The national conservation objectives were to effectively manage 30% of the nation's fringing reefs, nonfringing reefs, mangroves, and intertidal ecosystems (30% objective) and 10% of other benthic ecosystems (10% objective). The experts evaluated the contribution of the various management actions toward national objectives. Scores ranged from 0 (ineffective) to 1 (maximum effectiveness) and included the following management actions: permanent closures (i.e., all extractive use of resources prohibited indefinitely) (score of 1); conditional closures harvested once per year or less as dictated by a management plan (0.50-0.95); conditional closures harvested without predetermined frequency or duration (0.10-0.85); other management actions, such as regulations on gear and species harvested (0.15-0.50). Through 3 gap analyses, we assessed whether the conservation objectives in Fiji had been achieved. Each analysis was based on a different assumption: (1) all parts of locally managed marine areas (including closures and other management) conserve species and ecosystems effectively; (2) closures conserve species and ecosystems, whereas areas outside closures, open to varying levels of resource extraction, do not; and (3) actions that allow different levels of resource extraction vary in their ability to conserve species and ecosystems. Under assumption 1, Fiji's national conservation objectives were exceeded in all marine ecosystems; under assumption 2, none of Fiji's conservation objectives were met; and under assumption 3, on the basis of the scores assigned by experts, Fiji achieved the 10% but not the 30% objectives for ecosystems. Understanding the relative contribution of management actions to achieving conservation objectives is critical in the assessment of conservation achievements at the national level, where multiple management actions will be needed to achieve national conservation objectives.     

中日规范中关于液化和侧向扩流场地桥梁桩基抗震设计考虑之比较

评述了我国液化场地和侧向扩流场地桥梁桩基抗震设计规范.总结了中日两国液化场地和侧向扩流场地桥梁桩基的抗震设计方法与技术细节,阐述了日本规范中液化场地和侧向扩流场地桥梁桩基抗震设计中的液化地基土反力折减系数的确定方法,以及土体液化侧向扩流对桩作用力的计算模式.指出我国规范中在液化和侧向扩流场地桩的抗震分析方法、不同土层分...     

基于GIS的震害空间分布图集的设计与编制

快速地生成震害分布预测图,对提高减灾救灾能力有着重要意义.本研究采用3S(地理信息系统-GIS、全球定位系统-GPS和遥感-RS)技术,设计了一套全方位、多角度、综合自然环境、社会经济和人文要素的震害空间分布图集.本文将GIS强大的空间分析和数据管理能力与GPS、RS和地震科学相结合,从设计思想、图集内容、表现形式等方...     

基于特定场地污染概念模型的健康风险评估案例研究

对某有机化工厂地下水下游方向拟建设的地铁站所在区域土壤及地下水开展污染调查,结果表明,拟建地铁站区域深层土壤及地下水均被1,2-二氯乙烷污染,其中,土壤样品最高浓度104.08 mg·kg-1,位于地表以下8.6 m深处;地下水样品最高浓度18 500μg·L-1.污染主要由位于上游的有机化工厂生产排污所致.本研究依据调查结果并结合地铁站的特殊结构设计构建了该场地特定的污染概念模型,推导了相应的风险计算公式用于计算站内人员的健康风险,并与基于通用污染概念模型建立的风险计算公式的评价结果进行比较.两种模型计算结果均表明该区域土壤及地下水中污染对未来地铁站工作人员造成的致癌风险将远高于目前普遍接受的风险水平(1×10-6),但前者计算的土壤和地下水对未来地铁工作人员造成的致癌风险要比后者分别高2倍和1.5倍.由此可见,对于具体的场地评价项目,应考虑场地的污染特性及未来建筑的结构特性对现有评估模型进行修正后进行健康风险评估,以避免因直接套用现有导则中的计算模型使最终评估结果偏离客观实际.